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  Acknowledgments

  Deepest thanks to my agent and friend E. J. McCarthy, who not only responded to my initial e-mail query within three minutes but since then has been an unending source of wisdom, support, insight, good humor, and all-around positive energy. E. J., you are, quite simply, the best.

  A big thank-you to Eamon Dolan, editor extraordinaire, for taking a chance on a completely unknown writer, for conceptual and structural brilliance, for always asking the toughest—and most necessary—questions, for patience in the face of my repeated attempts to write a completely different book from the one I’d proposed, and for being the kind of rigorous, committed, always-available editor that I’d assumed no longer existed.

  Thank you to Tracy Walsh for her impeccable research and transcription skills. In addition to many other things, Tracy provided drafts of the material on VBS2, Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan, and America’s Army: True Soldiers. Tracy has ahead of her a long and brilliant career as a writer and scholar.

  My thanks as well to the dozens of officials, military and civilian, who spoke with me for my book and to the many hardworking PA officers and assistants who made those interviews happen.

  At Baruch College, I offer heartfelt thanks to, among others, Cheryl Smith, Frank Cioffi, Shelly Eversley, Sean O’Toole, Gina Parmar, Claudye James, and the PSC-CUNY Foundation. Thanks also to my wonderful students, whose intelligence, curiosity, and humor never cease to impress me.

  Thank you to the CUNY-wide Composition and Rhetoric Group, especially Amy Wan, Tim McCormack, Mark McBeth, Leigh Jones, and Ericka Kaufman. At the Graduate Center, I thank Sondra Perl and Ira Shor for their support.

  In Madison (and now beyond), I thank Wayne Au, Scot Barnett, Mike Bernard-Donals, Ross Collin, Alice Daer, Rasha Diab, Stephanie Fiorelli, Mary Fiorenza, David Fleming, Melanie Hoftyzer, Brad Hughes, Rik Hunter, Adam Koehler, Annie Massa-MacLeod, Martin Nystrand, Shifra Sharlin, Mira Shimabukuro, Kurt Squire, Constance Steinkuehler, Annette Vee, and Kate Vieira. My sincere apologies to anyone whom I may have overlooked.

  Deborah Brandt was the ideal adviser, and the rigor, depth, and quality of her advice, criticism, and support (not to mention her own work) are without parallel. I cannot thank her enough for all the brilliant counsel and assistance she has given me.

  Thanks to Scott Adkins and the Brooklyn Writers Space for the ideal setting and community in which to write.

  True compadres: Karla Pazzi, Alex Pearcy, Jesse Seldess, Matt Vandre, Rob Voedisch. All of my friends in Brooklyn and beyond. Mom, Dad, and Ken, your lifelong love and encouragement have sustained me.

  I have the world’s best parents, brother, sister-in-law, niece, cousins, uncles, and aunts, and I love them and thank them for everyt
hing.

  Laura, I cannot put into words how much your love and support mean to me. You and Caleb are the two best things that have ever happened to me, and I can’t wait to spend a lifetime with both of you. It is for you, first and foremost, that this book is written.

  Index

  AARs (“after-action reviews”), [>]–[>], [>]

  Abbottabad complex, bin Laden, [>]

  Abt, Clark, [>]

  Abu Ghraib battle, [>]–[>]

  Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal, [>], [>]–[>]

  Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), [>], [>], [>]

  See also DARPA

  AdWeek magazine, [>]

  Afghanistan War

  technology limits and, [>]

  video games, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  See also Virtual Afghanistan; Virtual Iraq/Virtual Afghanistan

  “after-action reviews” (AARs), [>]–[>], [>]

  AGCT (Army General Classification Test), [>]

  AIDS protein structure, [>]

  al-Qaeda, [>]

  Alexander, Keith, [>]

  America Online, [>]

  American Psychological Association (APA), [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  American Psychological Association’s Presidential Task Force on Military Deployment Services, [>]–[>]

  America’s Army: True Soldiers (video game), [>]–[>]

  America’s Army (video game)

  authenticity and, [>]–[>]

  basic training focus, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  brand promotion and, [>]

  core values and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  developing/developers, [>]–[>]

  enemy depiction, [>]

  enemy players, [>]–[>]

  geographical backdrops for, [>]–[>]

  international sensitivities and, [>]

  launch, [>]–[>]

  media on, [>], [>]

  MOVES and, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Pentagon views (before launch), [>]

  playing/description, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  private training version/use, [>]

  in public schools, [>]–[>]

  recruiting/dropout problem and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  sanctioned violence and, [>]

  Sniper School, [>]

  success, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  team members and, [>]

  Unreal Engine and, [>]–[>]

  versions, [>]

  Wardynski/developers conflict, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Xbox and, [>], [>], [>]

  See also Wardynski, Casey/America’s Army

  Andrews, Mike, [>], [>]

  APA (American Psychological Association), [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  army

  compared to other military services, [>]–[>]

  core values, [>]–[>]

  economics of dropout rate, [>]

  Land Warrior program, [>]

  recruitment problems, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  See also America’s Army (video game)

  Army Battlezone (Bradley Trainer), [>]–[>], [>]

  Army Game Project, [>]

  Army General Classification Test (AGCT), [>]

  Army Office of Scientific Research, [>]

  Army Research Institute/studies, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Army Research Laboratory, [>]

  Army Science Board meeting, [>]–[>]

  Army War College, [>]

  ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

  ARPANET, [>]

  Arquilla, John, [>], [>], [>]

  Associated Press, [>]

  Asteroids (video game), [>]

  asymmetric warfare, [>]

  Atari, [>]

  Atkinson, Bill, [>]

  Barnett, Scott, [>], [>]

  Bartlett, Lesley, [>]

  Battle of [>] Easting, Gulf War (first), [>]

  Battle of Abu Ghraib, [>]–[>]

  Battlezone (video game), [>]

  Bavelier, Daphne, [>]

  behavior economists, [>]

  behavior modification

  emotion and, [>]

  information and, [>]

  Sloane and, [>]–[>]

  See also specific video games

  Bell, Daniel, [>]

  Beyond the Front (video game), [>], [>]–[>]

  bin Laden, Osama, [>]

  Blended Families (video game), [>]

  Bolt, Beranek and Newman, [>]

  Booz Allen Hamilton, [>]

  Bradley Trainer (Army Battlezone), [>]–[>], [>]

  Brandt, Deborah, [>], [>]

  Brennan, Nicholas, [>]–[>]

  Brigham, Carl, [>]

  Bryant, Brad, [>]–[>]

  Bush, George W., [>]

  Butler, Robert, [>]–[>]

  Caldera, Louis, [>], [>]

  Camp Redemption, Iraq, [>], [>]

  Capps, Mike, [>], [>], [>]

  Card, Orson Scott, [>], [>]–[>]

  Chatham, Ralph, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  China video game, Glorious Mission, [>]

  Civil War, [>]

  Civilization (video game), [>]

  Close Combat Tactical Trainer system, [>]

  Coalition to Salute American Heroes, [>]–[>]

  Cold War

  culture-differences training, [>]

  high-technology military strategy, [>]–[>]

  Sputnik/effects, [>], [>]

  U.S. hackers and, [>]

  U.S. military and, [>]

  Columbine High School massacre, [>]

  commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies, [>]

  Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program

  criticism/defenders of, [>], [>]–[>]

  Rizzo and, [>]–[>], [>]

  computer development

  ballistics data and, [>]

  DARPA, [>], [>]–[>]

  during 1940s/1950s, [>], [>]

  military/academia and, [>]

  military and, [>]–[>]

  “computer” term origins, [>]

  computers

  computer-based learning development, [>]–[>]

  as entertainment, [>]

  World War II and, [>]–[>]

  See also specific video games/simulations

  computers-in-the-schools movement, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  crowdsourcing uses, [>]

  Cyber Command, [>]

  cybersecurity and Pentagon budget, [>]

  cyberwarfare

  DARPA and, [>]–[>]

  description, [>], [>], [>]

  hackers and, [>]–[>]

  Iran’s nuclear program and, [>], [>]

  Plan X, [>]

  Weapons School, air force and, [>]–[>]

  Daly, Elizabeth, [>]

  DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)

  computer development, [>], [>]–[>]

  crowdsourcing to debug software code, [>]

  cyberwarfare capabilities, [>]–[>]

  DARWARS program, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  simulators/simulations and, [>], [>], [>]

  video games, [>], [>], [>]

  DARWARS program, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  de Peuter, Greig, [>], [>]

  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. See DARPA

  Defense GameTech conference

  attendees/companies represented, [>]–[>]

  location, [>]

  purpose, [>]

  VBS2 and, [>]

  Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO), [>], [>]

  Della Salla, Jerry

  background, [>]

  9/11 attacks and, [>]

  Della Salla, Jerry/after Iraq

  Kramer and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  panic attacks/triggers, [>]

  PTSD, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  therapist, [>]–[>]

  Virtual Iraq and, [>], [>]–[>]

&
nbsp; Della Salla, Jerry/Iraq war

  Abu Ghraib abuse scandal and, [>]–[>]

  Battle of Abu Ghraib/injury and, [>]–[>]

  detention operations, [>]

  Delta Force (video game), [>], [>]

  Delta Force II (video game), [>]

  Dewey, John, [>]

  DiFede, JoAnn, [>]

  DiGiovanni, Frank, [>]–[>]

  Digital Play (Kline, Dyer-Witheford, de Peuter), [>]

  disintermediation, [>]–[>]

  Dismounted Soldier product line, [>]

  DisneyQuest, [>]

  Distance Learning Maverick Awards, [>]

  distributed interactive simulations (DIS), [>]

  Doom (video game), [>]–[>], [>]

  Doom II (video game), [>]–[>]

  Dr. Brain (video game), [>]

  drones, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Dubow, Leslie, [>]

  Dyer-Witheford, Nick, [>], [>]

  Ebel, Todd, [>]

  education and military influences

  Alpha/Beta tests, [>]–[>], [>]

  American school system and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]